Law Enforcement as a Study Research Proposal Example

Essays on Law Enforcement as a Study Research Proposal The paper "Law Enforcement as a Study" is an excellent example of a research proposal on the law. Law enforcement is a study that is meant to help get information based on law. This can be done by lawyers, law enforcement, defense and security sectors among others (University of Surrey, 2014). Law enforcement research design and analysis is a research design that is meant to help the researcher come up with a viable study that will help all the variables be captured and give a response based on the research study. In this case, multi-disciplinary research can be done to bring together engineering physical sciences and technology-based disciplines with the human sciences. In this case, qualitative and quantitative research is catered for (Cohen Arieli, 2011). According to Freshwater, Sherwood Drury (2006), quantitative research is education research that seeks to ask specific questions narrow questions and selects quantifiable data from the respondents. This data is mostly referred to as â€Å"hard† data. This is then analyzed using statistics and in a biased manner, it conducts an inquiry. Examples of data collection methodologies personality measures, performance, content analysis, and questionnaires. Example of the questions used in the study research includes:a) What is the number of staff involved in crime management in the NSIS unit?b) How many individuals are involved in the decision making on crime management?c) How many lawyers took place in the decision-making process?According to Gorard (2013), qualitative research is education research that deals with views of the respondents. This asks general questions, describes and analyses the words and later carries out inquiries in a biased and subjective manner. The example of the data collection methods includes observation, interviews, open-ended questionnaires, focus groups, and content analysis.Examples of qualitative questions include:a) What is the level of education that the field officers have on crime management?b) Who is the person in charge of crime management?

Value of Higher Education free essay sample

Abstract This paper shall argue that despite the costs of a higher education, a college or university education is of great value to every individual. Higher education prepares an individual for the working world through the imparting of specialized knowledge. A Higher education allows individuals to earn more at the end of their degrees, making up for the cost incurred during the pursuit of the degree. College education helps to provide students with critical thinking and communication skills that lasts a lifetime.A higher education helps an individual grow as a person, by exposing them to a wealth of knowledge and resources. College education helps students establish interpersonal networks, which include peers as well as professionals. Higher education teaches students about discipline and hard work, as well as about success and challenges. This paper shall conclude by noting a number of things students can do to get more value from their college or university education and by outlining some of the ways I as a student wish to further my career in accounting by graduating from the University of Phoenix. We will write a custom essay sample on Value of Higher Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Value of a Higher Education Higher education requires a considerable investment of time and money, as wall as a considerable lifestyle change. Those entering college or a university must not only be willing to pay tuition cost and school fees, and study for many years to get a degree, they must also arrange the rest of their lives around classes, exams, semesters, and summer breaks. Given the gargantuan effort it requires to secure a higher education, some may reasonably question the value of a college degree. It is well known that many successful and affluent people in our society

Contemporary Issues in Accounting Regulation

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Accounting Regulation. Answer: Introduction This study covenants with analyzing the sustainability reporting activities for the Australian-listed company named as Wesfarmers Limited (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2017). In this particular project, emphasis has been given on considerate the existing state of sustainability reporting as well as various approaches undertaken by Wesfarmers Limited. Wesfarmers Limited is listed in Australian Stock Exchange and occupies the topmost position in terms of revenue. The current segment elucidates bringing out the issues that is faced by Wesfarmers Limited at the time of operating activities. Practices in sustainability reporting has been explained in the segment that will bring out the difference between actual sustainability practices in Australia and the practices adopted by Wesfarmers Limited. In the last segment, focus has been given on understanding the implications of sustainability reporting for the stakeholders at the time of decision-making process. Therefore, the study highlights that the above-mentioned company has made ways for creating value for its potential stakeholders and providing high returns at the same time (Scott, 2015). Current State of Sustainability Reporting At Wesfarmers Limited, they are committed towards generating value for its stockholders, communities and employees for more than a decade now (Rankin et al. 2012). Long-term value creation is the most viable option that plays important role in the communities served by Wesfarmers Limited. Sustainability, in real terms reveals understanding as well as managing ways that impact community and environment that ensure generating value in the future. It is known that world is changing at a faster pace aligning with climatic change as well. Some of the attributes such as augmented weather instability, recurrent weather events as well as higher regular temperature and drier climates widely affect the operational aspects and supply chain for the company, Wesfarmers Limited (McLeay and Riccaboni, 2012). This company had been making ways so that they can manage the risk and deliver significant social as well as environmental as well as economic benefits. Wesfarmers Limited is committed towards minimizing own footprint as well as delivering solutions that guide clienteles and public at the same time (Anton and Firmin, 2013). This company endeavor for continuously improving level of performance as well as public report on progress as mentioned in the annual sustainability report Wesfarmers Limited performance in 2016 Wesfarmers Limited has noted an 11% point growth in the DJSI (Dow Jones Sustainability Index) for scoring 82 out of 100 (highest score received by Wesfarmers Limited) (Horngren et al. 2013). The DJSI annual review is based upon the analysis for understanding the level of presentation in terms of economic, environmental and social. Wesfarmers Limited is a global leader in attaining sustainability with toughest presentation in areas of health as well as diet. This takes into consideration environment policy, cyber security as well as labor practice and human rights (Garrison et al. 2014). Dow Jones Sustainability Indices In the year 2016, Wesfarmers Limited are proud in progressing in the given areas that are listed below: Wesfarmers Limited entire recordable injury incidence rate was 33.4 that was 15.2% lower as compared to previous year (Feltham and Ohlson, 2015) Wesfarmers Limited worked hard in promoting diversity at workplace with more than 3300 employees considering as indigenous (Evans, 2013) Wesfarmers Limited believes in improving the clearness of supply chain in more than 3200 factories at the time of conducting audit program (Drever et al. 2014) Wesfarmers Limited directly gets support from the clienteles and team members as the public donations exceeds amounting to $ 110 Million (Deegan, 2013) Wesfarmers Limited made ways for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions by more than 2% as it reduced the releases intensity of commercial by 30% by the year 2016 (Cohen et al. 2016) At Wesfarmers Limited, they acknowledge that they can perform better in some of the areas where: Wesfarmers Limited workforce will be made up of 55% as viewed for the year 2016. This will remain as a key occasion for the Group for increasing the fraction of management position occupied by women (Bryant, Kahle and Schafer, 2015) Despite their efforts, Wesfarmers Limited faced continuing reduction in waste as disposed from water use as it is hard in maintaining business activities. This company is trying its best in seeking opportunities for performing the activities in the most appropriate way (Bonner, 2013). Wesfarmers Limited continues in focusing in ethical sourcing that leads to supply chain transparency. This will strengthen the relationships with the suppliers as it will contribute positively in the affected areas (Bhimani, 2015). With a diverse range of autonomous business, it is difficult for Wesfarmers Limited in setting targets for the Group level as it is impractical as well as consistent by using financial metrics for assessing the performance at divisional level (Beaver, 2014). This business sets majorly sets their own internal targets aligning with the operational aspects. The primary complexity of sustainability reporting is to generate sustainability reports that can create the kind of information that augments the overall performance of a business concern (Deegan, 2013). This again directs towards improved commercial outcomes as well as satisfaction of social concerns. However, the board of a corporation as well as investor related issue such as change of climate in addition to reputational concerns can increasingly elevate the significance of sustainability reporting within different corporation (Bonner, 2013). The sustainability report of Wesfarmers reveals the fact that, In spite of immense efforts on generation of sustainability reporting and persistent work for reduction of waste disposal and use of water, the company finds it difficult to maintain and attain growth in business (Bhimani, 2015). In case of Wesfarmers, the organization of Wesfarmers is committed to pre-emptively achieve the entire society in addition to impact of the environment. The business concern Wesfarmers essentially adheres to ten different principles that can be associated to the sustainability problems that can be recognized as the most material facets to the entire group (Beaver, 2014). However, the management relentlessly thrives to deliver a safe workplace for the members of the staff of the organization by enhancement of the dimensions of safety presentation and assume creativities for reduction of injuries. Nevertheless, the evaluation of sustainability reporting of the business concern divulges the fact that further improvements are required for safety performance as well as safety initiative (Deegan, 2013). Practices of sustainability reporting Sustainability reporting practices in Australia are generally designed with input from boardroom and are essentially perused by different mainstream investment researchers. The researchers increasingly identify with the potential influence on long term investment value of a business concern, potent liabilities in addition to common risk profile on environmental, social as well as governance issues (Evans, 2013). The management of Wesfarmers maintains ten important principles that can be linked to the sustainability issues and each segment of the business implements the principles to the business after taking into account particular circumstances of the functional environment. The sustainability report declared by the corporation clearly defines the works for the people, sourcing practices, community, environment, principles of corporate governance (Wesfarmers.com.au., 2017). Therefore, the report helps in gaining a clear overview of the activities undertaken by the corporation for betterment of the corporate governance, protection of environment and reduction of emissions and waste to landfill as well as use of water. In addition to this, the sustainability reporting prepares and presents a formal declaration regarding the steps undertaken by the corporation for positive contribution to the community and deliverance of safe products, safety initiatives (Feltham and Ohlson, 2015). The sustainability reporting practices refer to proper presentation and announcements of the ways of execution and tracking the service of nurse on call, applications for hazard detection, assessment of the execution as well as performance of specific safety Activity Book and Vol untary program of Injury Care 1300 among many other (Wesfarmers.com.au., 2017). The report also reflects the fact that the corporation Wesfarmers distributes approximately 59% of the overall wealth for paying-out wages as well as salaries together with different other employee benefits and perks to members of the staff. Furthermore, the corporation Wesfarmers also works for resolving different issues of the workplace and reportage under combined agreements as mentioned in the sustainability reporting. Further, the sustainability reports sheds light on activities undertaken by the company for resolving workplace conflicts along with cultural disagreements for generation of all-encompassing workplace surroundings (Bhimani, 2015). This section of the report therefore stresses on gender diversity, presence of Aboriginals with Torres Strait Islander (Wesfarmers.com.au. 2017). Evaluation of sustainability reporting of the company Wesfarmers also clearly illustrates the optimistic contribu tion of the corporation towards the society where company functions and compliance with the Australian Consumer Law (Wesfarmers.com.au. 2017). Implications of Sustainability Reporting for Stakeholders in relation to financial decision making The widespread practice of sustainability reporting help in creation of transparency and assist in efficient functioning of the market. The sustainability reporting indicates towards the soundness of the health of the budget and help in driving the development of the business concern towards a horizontal, maintainable as well as comprehensive rate of growth (Feltham and Ohlson, 2015). Therefore, the sustainability reporting for stakeholders adds value in a number of ways. The sustainability report helps the by generation of trust through creation of transparency as regards non-financial performance. Again, this trust help in reduction of the reputational risk and aids in opening up a free dialogue with the stakeholders namely, the customers, investors along with other members of the community (Deegan, 2013). The company also observes sustainability reporting as a means of driving greater innovation by means of businesses as well as products to generate a competitive edge in the targe t market (McLeay and Riccaboni, 2012). The report leads to augmented processes as well as systems as internal management and processes of decision making can be assessed. This report leads to reductions of cost by computing and monitoring issues related to consumption of energy, use of materials as well as waste. Sustainability reporting also helps in progressing vision as well as strategy that in turn leads to comprehensive evaluation of strengths as well as weaknesses together with engagement with specific stakeholders that is obligatory for sustainability reporting (Bonner, 2013). Thus, this report also lead to robust and wide-ranging visions of the corporation as well as strategies. Essentially, the corporation Wesfarmers also make sustainability a vital part of the organizational policies. In addition to this, the sustainability reporting also helps the stakeholders in providing a suitable measure of sustainability performance that in turn can assist the corporation in meeting the regulatory requirements efficiently (Rankin et al. 2012). Consequently, this helps in averting costly breaches and gathering essential data in a cost effective manner. Again, sustainability reporting helps businesses in gaining competitive edge as this can posit the leaders as well as innovators in a stronger bargaining position at the time of attracting investment, initiation of new actions, penetrating into new markets and negotiating agreements (Scott, 2015). Moreover, the accessibility of sustainability evidence can be utilized by governments to evaluate the impact in addition to role and involvement of businesses to the entire economy. Accordingly, business concerns can make use of sustainability reporting to notify their risk analysis approaches and improve their business. Sustainability reporting is primarily oriented towards communication of different credible and at the same time pertinent information to a wide range of stakeholders that in turn enables the corporation to build the right potential to present timely as well as reliable information. Conclusion: At the end of the study, it is concluded that Wesfarmers Limited has the potential in meeting the needs that best suits their stakeholders for long period. They believe in committing with the stakeholder needs and maintaining long-term value creation at the same time. They are making ways for reducing carbon gas emissions that adversely affect community and environment. It is the responsibility of the management of Wesfarmers Limited in maintaining its current state of sustainability and bringing some improvements in their activities. The above analysis clearly justifies the approaches that are undertaken by Wesfarmers Limited and measured in terms of financial metrics in the most appropriate way. It is recommended to Wesfarmers Limited in meeting the needs of the customers that best suits them in the long-run. Reference List Anton, H.R. and Firmin, P.A.., 2013. Contemporary issues in cost accounting: a discipline in transition. Houghton Mifflin. Beaver, W.H., 2014. Financial reporting: an accounting revolution. Prentice Hall. Bhimani, A., 2015. Contemporary issues in management accounting. Oxford university press. Bonner, S.E., 2013. Judgment and decision making in accounting. Prentice Hall. Bryant, S.M., Kahle, J.B. and Schafer, B.A., 2015. Distance education: A review of the contemporary literature. Issues in accounting education, 20(3), pp.255-272. Cohen, M.D., Burkhart, R., Dosi, G., Egidi, M., Marengo, L., Warglien, M. and Winter, S., 2016. Routines and other recurring action patterns of organizations: contemporary research issues. Industrial and corporate change, 5(3), pp.653-698. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Drever, M., Stanton, P.A., McGowan, S.C., Raar, J., Sofocleous, S. and Ravlic, T., 2014. Contemporary issues in accounting. John Wiley Sons Australia. Evans, T.G., 2013. Accounting theory: contemporary accounting issues. South-Western Pub. Feltham, G.A. and Ohlson, J.A., 2015. Valuation and clean surplus accounting for operating and financial activities. Contemporary accounting research, 11(2), pp.689-731. Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., 2014. Managerial accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 25(4), pp.792-793. Horngren, C.T., Sundem, G.L., Schatzberg, J.O. and Burgstahler, D., 2013. Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. McLeay, S. and Riccaboni, A., 2012. Contemporary issues in accounting regulation. Springer Science Business Media. Rankin, M., Rankin, M., Stanton, P.A., McGowan, S.C., Ferlauto, K. and Tilling, M., 2012. Contemporary issues in accounting. Milton, Australia: Wiley. Scott, W.R., 2015. Financial accounting theory (Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2017).Wesfarmers.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/ [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017].

Preliminary Chemistry Metals Research Assignment Essay Example

Preliminary Chemistry: Metals Research Assignment Essay Ancient Egyptian map showing roads to Nubian gold mines, dated 1400-1200 BC (Located in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy) Figure 1 Evidence of gold mines: Ancient Egyptian map showing roads to Nubian gold mines, dated 1400-1200 BC (Located in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy) Figure 2 Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs depicting gold Figure 2 Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs depicting gold i) Gold was no doubt one of the first metals known to primitive man.The metal gold was first discovered by the ancient Egyptians, some 5000 years ago. The Egyptians associated metal with the sun and believed the gold to be divine and indestructible. They believed the skin of their gods was golden and the Pharaoh was called â€Å"the Golden Horus†. It was believed to be the flesh of the sun god, Ra, and was, thus, considered a symbol of eternal life. It was this association with Ra and eternal life that compelled pharaohs and queens to exploit the gold in their kingdom and to accumulate it and be buried with large stores of the metal.During the earliest periods of Egyptian history, only kings were allowed to wear golden ornaments but the privilege was later extended to priests and other members of the royal court. (Creamer, 2008). Never tarnishing, gold was also used extensively in the making of statues of gods and was even used to decorate temples. The ancient Egyptians did not use gold for currency and it had no economic importance. Evidence that the ancient Egyptians had gold is in the archaeological finds of the earliest known map, The Turin Papyrus map.This map showed an early gold mining facility and a local geography of a region in Nubia. Early Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC described gold as â€Å"more plentiful than dirt† and as a divine and indestructible metal, associated with the brilliance of the sun. (Azulay, 2012). i) Gold is widespread in low concentrations in all igneous rocks and has been discovered on every continent on earth. (Yabz, 2008). When gold was first discovered it was found in many forms, just like it is today. Native gold can occur as very small microscopic particles embedded in rock, often ogether with quartz or sulphite minerals. Gold in the native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets that have ended up in alluvial deposits due to eroding from rocks. Gold is a ‘transition metal’ on the periodic table of elements and is a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive elements when solid and under standard conditions; it does not combine with oxygen or dissolve in most acids. It does not react with halogens, such as chlorine or bromine (Mazur, 2007). The element therefore occurs commonly in native form.On the periodic table of elements, gold is surrounded by other non- reactive metals such as silver and platinum. Because gold is non-reactive it was able to be discovered and mined many centuries ago. ii) Figure 3 Examples of items made from gold tha t date back to Ancient Egyptian times Figure 3 Examples of items made from gold that date back to Ancient Egyptian times Figure 2 Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh, Tutankhamen’s solid gold burial mask Figure 2 Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh, Tutankhamen’s solid gold burial mask Gold is both ductile and malleable.Ductile means it can be drawn into thin wires. Malleable means capable of being hammered into thin sheets. A piece of gold weighing only 20 grams can be hammered into a sheet that will cover more than 6 square meters. The sheet will be only 0. 00025 centimetres thick. Gold is also very soft; it reflects light and heat but conducts electricity very well (Mazur, 2007). For the ancient Egyptians, gold had many uses including, burial masks- evidence of this is in Tutankhamen’s famous solid gold mask, found in his coffin in 1922.The metal is so malleable and soft it could be hammered into thin sheet and wires, perfect for making fine jewellery and ornaments that lasted thr ough the decades. Other uses included small statues of gods used for religious ceremonies, made out of solid gold. Another use they had for gold was royal jewellery, royal artefacts and chariots. Gold leaf was created, which was paper thin, and this was used to cover the furniture and tombs of the Pharaohs and also to cover the statues of the gods. One of the special skills developed by the Egyptians was the adding of gold to glass objects.They found a way to use gold to make glass a beautiful ruby-red colour. The glass became known as gold ruby glass iii) The ancient Egyptians extracted gold by crushing, washing, and then applying heat and the result was powdered. Ancient open-cast trenches following quartz veins from the surface and shafts sinking horizontally or diagonally into the mountain sides. A number of the shafts had stone walls reinforcing the entrances or platforms at the edge to raise and lower men, boys, baskets, tools and ore. When hard gold-bearing surfaces are found they burned it with hot fire until it crumbled, they then continue working it out by hand.Softer rock which can be mined with moderate effort is crushed with a sledge. The strongest workers break quartz rock with iron hammers. In some parts of the mine, the granite surrounding the quartz crumbles under foot this means there was no need for fire setting because the rock can be splintered away. Hundreds of crushing stones made of rough blocks of basalt, granite or porphyritic granite have been found on Egyptian gold mining sites. The ore that was mined was reduced in size when brought to the surface and the pieces worth reducing more were picked out.Once the ore they need is picked out, it is put into the mill where it is grinded into fine flour like powder by four slaves. Once the ore is ground into fine powder, it is rubbed onto a broad board which is slightly inclined, while pouring water over it. When this is done, the rocks, dirt and other matter are washed away while the partic les which contain gold remain because of its weight. This is repeated a number of times until all the remains are pure gold- dust. (TMS, 2013). In ancient times, mercury was a common form of gold extraction and was used until later on in the first millennia.The metal, mercury, has been found in ancient Egyptian tombs that date back to 1500 BC and it is believed that it was used for extracting gold from its ore. Gold ore was crushed finely, when liquid mercury was added, the mercury coated just the gold. The mercury coated gold was then burned in order to evaporate the mercury and leave the pure gold. (Brooks, 2011). iv) The crystal structure for metallic gold is face centred cubic. This crystal structure contributes to golds very high ductility since the lattices are particularly suitable for allowing the movement of dislocations in the lattice.The crystal structure for metallic gold is face centred cubic. This crystal structure contributes to golds very high ductility since the lat tices are particularly suitable for allowing the movement of dislocations in the lattice. When gold nuggets weren’t found lying around in streams or deposits, the ancient Egyptians put a lot of energy into mining their gold. Gold is a non-reactive metal, it generally does not bond with other elements which means that it takes less energy to extract than other reactive metals.Still, a lot of energy was used by the Egyptians to extract the ore because of their primitive methods. The Egyptians had more gold than any other civilization of its time, this means that the Egyptians did put a lot of energy into gold mining but also from their efforts they acquired a very large amount of gold. Gold has a cubic crystalline structure and a density of 19. 32 grams per cubic centimetre. Gold is bonded with metallic bonds, the electrons in the outer shells of the metals atoms are free to move, the metallic bond is the force of attraction between these free electrons and the metal ions.Metal lic bonds are strong, this means gold maintains a regular structure and has a high melting and boiling point. (BBC, 2013). Because of gold’s strong structure, it takes a lot of energy to break down into its pure form, just like the Egyptians discovered. But gold does not react with other elements so quite often it is found already in its pure form, which then requires little or no energy to refine. 2. Aluminium Growth of aluminium production Growth of aluminium production i) The metal Aluminium was first discovered and its existence established in 1808 by Sir Humphrey Davy, but he was unable to actually make any. 0 years later a French scientist discovered hard, red clay containing over 50% aluminium oxide. It was named bauxite, aluminium’s most common ore. (Davyson, 2002). After it was discovered it took many years of deliberate research to find an efficient method to extract the metal from its ore and even longer to create a production process that would allow the me tal to become commercially practical (Unknown, 2008). In 1825 a small lump of aluminium metal was produced for the first time, then in 1827 another scientist was able to isolate aluminium as a powder in 1827, in a process nvolving potassium and anhydrous aluminium chloride. It wasn’t until 1854 that the first method for commercial production was invented. At this time aluminium was more expensive than gold, and at one stage a bar of aluminium was exhibited at the Paris exhibition in 1855. In the next ten years, its value fell by over 90% because of new found ways of extracting it. In 1900, 8 thousand tonnes were produced, in 1964 the output was 681 thousand tonnes and in 1999 about 7 million tonnes of recycled aluminium was produced, adding to 31 million tonnes in total. i) An example of some bauxite An example of some bauxite Aluminium is the third most common element of the Earth’s crust and the most abundant metal. Because of aluminium’s high attraction to bo nd with oxygen it is not found naturally occurring in its elemental state, but only in combined forms such as oxides or silicates. It’s most common form is bauxite, an ore that is a hard, red clay containing over 50% aluminium oxide. Aluminium is found in the post-transition metals group on the periodic table of elements with symbol Al and atomic number 13.It is silvery white, and it is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. (Wikipedia, 2013). Aluminium is found in this state naturally because it is very reactive, this is shown on the periodic table of elements because of its position. Aluminium is positioned in the transition metals group, which means that it is with other metals that have some characteristics of transition metals. They are generally softer and do not conduct electricity as effectively and have a lower boiling and melting point than that of the transition metals.This is why aluminium is never found in its pure elemental state, it is too reactive wi th its environment and this is shown on the periodic table of elements by its position with other reactive metals and in the post-transition group. iii) Aluminium is the second most malleable metal and very ductile. Due to its low density, aluminium is not very hard. It has a melting point of 660. 32 °C and a boiling point of 2519 °C and has high electrical conductivity. Aluminium is not very strong in its pure form. This is because of its structure, which has dislocations which make it ductile, and malleable.When strength is more important other metals are added to make the crystal structure stronger, this makes it harder for atoms to move past each other. To preserve aluminium’s low density and light weight other elements are added to the metal to reinforce dislocations, this reduces malleability but increases its strength. By doing this, some aluminium alloys can be as strong as steel. Adding different elements achieves slightly different effects but almost all alloys are stronger than just pure aluminium. Adding copper to aluminium increases its strength, hardness and also makes it heat treatable.Manganese is often added to aluminium to increase strength and resistance to corrosion. The addition of silicon lowers the melting point and improves castability, and alloys with zinc have increased strength and hardness. What makes these alloys so distinctive is that they retain the lightweight A dislocation is pinned by a different element in an alloy, increasing strength A dislocation is pinned by a different element in an alloy, increasing strength property of aluminium whilst adding the extra properties that aluminium does not have.Because of its properties, aluminium and its alloys are used excessively in modern life. One of the most common uses for aluminium is packaging such as drink cans, foil wrappings, bottle tops and foil containers. It is perfect for packaging because of its malleability, resistance to corrosion, its impermeableness and doe sn’t let the aroma or taste out of food. Because aluminium is so light weight, that when it is made into an alloy to make it stronger it is perfect for the transport industry. A vehicle made with aluminium takes a lot less energy to move than if it was made with iron or steel.Vehicles made out of aluminium include, aeroplanes, trains, boats and cars. Aluminium is also used for power lines because is it so light and can conduct electricity over long distances without needing heavy duty supports. Its ductility is also useful in drawing it out into wires to make power lines. Buildings made with aluminium are almost maintenance free because of its corrosion resistance, this and its lightweight makes it perfect for cladding, windows, skylights, gutters, door frames and roofing.Aluminium also has many other miscellaneous uses including saucepans, kitchen utensils, golf clubs, tennis rackets, furniture, fridges and toasters (Davyson, 2002). iv) An edge dislocation leads to a pressur e field (hydrostatic tension). The incorporation of the larger magnesium atom reduces such dilatational fields and reduces the total energy of the system (Macmillan, 2010). An edge dislocation leads to a pressure field (hydrostatic tension). The incorporation of the larger magnesium atom reduces such dilatational fields and reduces the total energy of the system (Macmillan, 2010).Aluminium in its pure form is very weak. Aluminium is more commonly found alloyed with other metals for this reason; to make it stronger and keep its low density and light weight. Other metals are added which hold down dislocations, this reduces the metals ductility but increases its strength. By this method some aluminium alloys can be as strong as steel, but all the while keeping the original light weight of the aluminium. Adding different elements achieves slightly different effects, but almost all alloys are stronger than the aluminium by itself.Copper added to aluminium increases its strength and hardn ess and also makes it heat treatable. Adding magnesium to aluminium causes increased tensile strength, resistance to salt water corrosion and ease of welding. Manganese is often added to increase strength and resistance to corrosion, adding silicon lowers the melting point and improves castability and alloys with zinc also have increased strength and hardness. The properties these alloys give to the metal enhance the use of aluminium greatly. Most uses for aluminium are when it is alloyed, rather than in its pure state.These alloys make aluminium suitable for use in cars, aeroplanes, cars, trains and buildings because aluminium in its pure state simply isn’t strong enough. (Davyson, 2002) v) The Hall Heroult Process- the extraction of the aluminium metal The Hall Heroult Process- the extraction of the aluminium metal Bayer process on industrial scale Bayer process on industrial scale The first step in extracting aluminium is to remove it from the earth in mining, this is simp le because the element is so abundant. Because of its reactivity, aluminium is never found isolated in the earth, it is always found bound together with other elements in compounds.The bauxite then has to be purified using the Bayer process. This process occurs in two main steps. First the aluminium ore is mixed with sodium hydroxide in which the oxides of aluminium and silicon will dissolve, but other impurities will not. These impurities can then be removed by filtration. Carbon dioxide gas is then bubbled through the remaining solution, which forms weak carbonic acid, neutralising the solution and causing the aluminium oxide to precipitate while leaving the silicon impurities in the solution.After filtration, and boiling to remove water, purified aluminium oxide can be collected. Once purified aluminium oxide has been manufacture, aluminium can be removed from it using the Hall-Heroult method. The aluminium oxide is mixed with cryolite (mixture of sodium fluoride and aluminium fl uoride) then heated to 980? C to melt the solids. This is much a much lower temperature than required to melt aluminium oxide so much energy is saved. The molten mixture is then electrolysed with a large current and the aluminium ions are reduced to form aluminium metal. i) The process for extracting pure aluminium metal takes a long time and a huge amount of energy. The process in the extraction of the aluminium that takes the most energy is the electrolysis to reduce the ions to form metal. The aluminium oxide mixed with cryolite has a melting point of 950 degrees Celsius, which on such a large scales takes an obscene amount of energy. (Williams, Unknown). Electric power represents about 20% to 40% of the cost of producing aluminium, depending on the location of the smelter.Aluminium production consumes roughly 5% of electricity generated in the U. S. (Wikipedia, 2013). Aluminium is so hard to extract from aluminium oxide and takes so much energy because of the covalent bonding. A luminium oxide is bonded covalently, which means that all the elements are connected very strongly and are hard to break apart, hence the reason why it takes so much time and energy to extract pre aluminium. Structure of pure aluminium Structure of pure aluminium 3. Copper i) Copper is mainly found in porphyry copper deposits, which are the largest source of copper ore.These porphyry deposits, which generally contain a mixture of igneous rocks such as feldspar, copper and quartz appear as a purple-red stone. These deposits are formed when a column of rising magma is cooled slowly deep into the crust, creating large crystal grains, with a diameter of 2 mm or more. In the final stage, the magma is cooled rapidly at relatively shallow depth or as it erupts from a volcano, creating small grains that are usually invisible to the naked eye. These deposits have multiple cavities of diorite to quartz.It is also found mixed in with rock composed of broken, rounded fragments of minerals and o ther rocks, sulphide mineralization often occurs between or within fragments. The deposits typically have an outer calcium aluminium iron (epidote) layer. (Wikipedia, Porphyry copper deposit, 2013). ii) The most common ores are known as sulphide ores in which the copper is chemically bonded with sulphur. The other ores are oxide ores, carbonate ores, or mixed ores depending on the chemicals present. Many copper ores also contain significant quantities of gold, silver, nickel and other valuable metals.Common ores of copper are in the following list Name| Formula| Chalcopyrite (copper iron sulphide)| CuFeS2| Chalcocite (copper sulphide)| Cu2S| Covellite (copper sulphide)| CuS| Bornite (copper iron sulphide)| Cu5FeS4| Tetrahedrite (copper antimony sulfosalt)| Cu3SbS3  + x(Fe,Zn)6Sb2S9| Malachite (copper carbonate hydroxide)| Cu2CO3(OH)2| Azurite (copper carbonate)| Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2| Cuprite (copper oxide)| Cu2O| Chrysocolla (copper silicate)| CuO†¢SiO2†¢2H2O| iii) Predicting yield is a very important step when it comes to mining and extracting copper in commercial ore deposits.This is because mining copper is a huge job, and it is vital to know that the amount of copper mined will supersede the cost of mining the copper. Mining procedures such as drilling, explosive blasting, power shovels and smelting cost a lot of money and take a lot of time. Copper excavating pits may grow to be a mile or long or even longer, this is why the amount of copper that is available to be yielded needs to be predicted, so that they know their efforts will not go to waste. It also reduces the amount of excavating pits needed and reduces the energy consumed. v) The most common copper ore is chalcopyrite, it makes up around 50% of copper production. To extract this as a pure metal, the ore must be process in a specific way. Firstly the ore that has been mined is crushed up into small pieces, these pieces are then ground in a ball mill, a round cylinder containing large metal ball which rotates to grind the ore into fine powder. The sulphide ore is then mixed with xanthate reactants (alcohol and hydroxide) in an aeration tank filled with water. These two react and the copper sulphide becomes hydrophobic on the outside.When air is pumped through the tank the copper sulphide is repelled from the water and attaches itself to the air bubbles. As the air rises to the surface of the water, the copper sulphide is carried with it and separated from the rest of the composition of the ore, which is normally discarded as tailings. This method is called froth floatation. In this way copper is concentrated and purified to contain a higher proportion of copper metal, the product of the froth floatation is about 30% copper. From here the copper sulphide is then subjected to smelting.The material is mixed with silica and limestone and then smelted at 1200 °C. This chemically removes the copper from any other elements which is bound to it. The remaining waste product i s called slag and is either disposed of or refined to further remove copper. The liquid copper that is then produced is called copper matte, this product contains around 70% copper in the form of copper sulphide and iron sulphide. In order to remove the sulphur from the matte, oxygen is blown through the molten mixture and combines with the sulphur to produce sulphur dioxide: Cu2S+3O2= 2Cu2O+2SO2 The end product contains close to 98% copper and is commonly called a blister because of the cracks on its surface due to the sulphur dioxide escaping. From the blister, anodes are made and these are immersed into an acid bath. The process of electrolysis creates cathodes of high concentration copper as the ions are attracted to a sheet of pure copper foil. This copper has a concentration of around 99. 9% and the copper is then converted into its various forms, such as slabs and wires. Ablett, 2013) A disadvantage to this method is that it uses a lot of energy, but it is still used because a better method has not been invented and copper is so valuable. Energy considerations include the high temperatures necessary for smelting and energy to run machines to refine and excavate. (Clark, 2005). vii) Copper prices change due to a number of variables. One of the main reasons is the demand for the metal and how much there is and also the quality of the copper for sale.Recycled copper is actually more valued than the raw product, this is because premium grade scrap undergoes less cleansing processing than newly mined copper, making it a purer form. If there is a large amount of copper in demand but the supply is low, copper prices are bound to be high, on the other hand, when demand it relatively low with an excess supply of copper ore, then copper prices will be low as well. (Prices, 2012). Copper is reasonably expensive as shown in the tables below, this is due to the involved extracting and refining process and the abundance. Bibliography Ablett, E. 2013). The Extraction of Copper. Retrieved from Metal Assignment: http://metalsassignment. wikispaces. com/The+Extraction+of+Copper Azulay, T. (2012). A History of Gold: the Ancient World. Retrieved from Tal Azulay Jewellery : http://talazulay. com/dynamic/articles/about/A%20History%20of%20Gold%20-%20the%20Ancient%20World/index. htm BBC. (2013). Different substances and their properties. Retrieved from BBC: http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/atomic/differentsubrev5. shtml Brooks, W. E. (2011). Amalgamation and small-scale gold mining . Retrieved from IFEA:

Ideas To Consider With Desser Essay Samples

Ideas To Consider With Desser Essay SamplesAre you considering taking a food design course? Taking a course at this level will allow you to broaden your horizons and broaden your skillset. Although food design may be a bit more difficult than other design fields, you can make it a lot easier by taking advantage of food desser essay samples. These examples will help you get started on the right foot when it comes to a culinary career.Desser up your resume and you can put these types of examples into context to help you and your employer's see exactly what you are capable of doing. You can also use these sample examples to showcase your experience in your education. Many students feel that they are lacking in some way and using the examples will help them put their education and experiences into perspective.Of course, these examples will require that you go through a series of steps in order to be able to see the same levels of skill you would find in a completed project. You will need to learn how to draw the examples, and when to make sure that you're not just looking at a ready-made example. There are also techniques for working in color, which will help you make sure that you are able to put together an example that is all unique and one-of-a-kind. The good news is that there are plenty of resources online to help you with this step.It's important to remember that your education is the best way to prepare you for your design career. Take the time to compare your skills and to see what areas you need to focus on before going into a program. You should also consider taking some remedial classes to make sure that you get the information you need to start out well.People often shy away from going into food design because they don't think they have what it takes. However, there are plenty of other jobs available and plenty of people who are already making good money as they continue to learn about this industry. So don't feel like you are wasting your time. You sh ould look into a variety of resources to make sure that you get the most out of your education and to be sure that you are prepared for the world of food design.Desser out is a great way to gain confidence when it comes to cooking for yourself or for your family. These types of programs are usually only offered to first-time food designers, but you can make them work to your advantage by completing an example. You'll find that this type of training is a great way to get the training that you need for a wide range of positions in the food industry.If you are a student who is interested in a culinary career, you can use these food desser essay samples to put your education into perspective. It's important to remember that it's a combination of art and science. There is no single design field that is the best. You should be able to find several options that are both satisfying and challenging, and you should be able to use food desser essay samples to help you find the right program.Do n't be afraid to take the initiative and to try something new. You might find that it turns out to be one of the best decisions you've ever made. There are many benefits to a culinary career, so you may be surprised at just how quickly you'll be able to move forward after taking a food design course.

Definition and Examples of Digraphs in English

Definition and Examples of Digraphs in English A digraph in the English language is a group of two successive letters ​that represents a single sound or phoneme. Common vowel digraphs include ai (rain), ay (day), ea (teach), ea (bread), ea (break), ee (free), ei (eight), ey (key), ie (piece), oa (road), oo (book), oo (room), ow (slow), and ue (true). Common consonant digraphs include ch (church), ch (school), ng (king), ph (phone), sh (shoe), th (then), th (think), and wh (wheel). Importance Diagraphs are considered nearly equal to the letters of the standard alphabet in importance to learning to read and write in English. In Linguistic Tips for Latino Learners and Teachers of English, E.Y. Odisho, writes: [F]rom the pedagogical and instructional perspective, the digraphs should be given utmost attention in the teaching of almost all language skills of English because of the proportionally large number of digraphs in relation to the 26 letters; they are approximately one-fourth of the core letters. Other experts have indicated the difficulty that learning digraphs presents to English language learners. For example, according to Roberta Heembrock in Why Kids Cant Spell, the digraph ch can be pronounced at least four different ways: k (character), sh (chute), kw (choir), and ch (chain). Complicated System Some sounds can be represented only by digraphs. In Childrens Reading and Spelling, T. Nunes and P. Bryant offer examples such as sh (shoot), ay (say), and ai (sail). Still other sounds can be represented in some words by single letters and in others by digraphs, such as fan and phantom, which begin with the same phoneme but are written as one letter in the first word and as two letters in the second. This is a complicated system and probably, to young children at least, it may seem a capricious and unpredictable one as well, Nunes and Bryant write. Spelling Confusion Spelling words that incorporate digraphs is as tricky as reading them and determining the sounds that they create. For example, the six letters of the six-phoneme word strict are represented by six digraph units: strict. On the other hand, the six letters of the three-phoneme word wreath are represented by just three digraph units: wreath, according to Brenda Rapp and Simon Fischer-Baum in Representation of Orthographic Knowledge.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ The Past Tense ​Spellings A particular difficulty for children is learning to spell words that deviate from what they have come to expect in their learning process. This is often the case, according to Rebecca Treiman and Brett Kessler in How Children Learn to Write Words, with the past tense. As an example, they note that the past tense of mess (messed) sounds like mest and that of call (called) sounds like cald, each of which is still one syllable, while the past tense of hunt, which adds the ed sound to make hunted, has two syllables. Children are used to the latter pattern and find the former one odd.

German Phrasebook on Classroom Vocabulary

German Phrasebook on Classroom Vocabulary This phrasebook, a collection of English-German phrases and expressions for the German-language classroom, is intended as an aid for students who will use the target language (die Zielsprache: Deutsch) in a classroom setting. For beginners, use of a phonetic  German Alphabet  can help with pronunciation, as this guidance is not included here. Showing Respect Forms of Address: Mrs./Ms. Schmidt, Mr. Schmidt Anredeformen: Frau Schmidt, Herr Schmidt Note: Always address your teacher, professor, or other school personnel as Sie! Your fellow students should be addressed as du (one) or ihr (more than one). Common Classroom Phrases Hi there! Hi everyone!Hallo allerseits! Hallo alle zusammen! Sorry Im late.Tut mir Leid, dass ich zu spt komme. What does ___ mean?Was bedeutet/heißt ___? Whats the German for ___?Was heißt ___ auf Deutsch? I dont understand.Ich verstehe nicht. More slowly, please.Lamgsamer bitte. Pardon? What was that? (I didnt understand)Wie bitte? (Avoid Was?, the German equivalent of Huh?) Could you please repeat that? (to teacher)Bitte wiederholen Sie das! Could you please repeat that? (to student)Noch einmal bitte! May I go to the restroom?Darf ich auf die Toilette?/aufs Klo? Could I go out/leave for a minute?Darf ich kurz mal hinausgehen? How do you spell that?Wie schreibt man das? Ive already done that.Ich hab das schon gemacht. Do we have homework?Haben wir Hausaufgaben? Which page/exercise?Welche Seite/ÃÅ"bung? I dont know.Ich weiß nicht. I have no idea.Ich habe keine Ahnung. yes - no - OKja - nein - Schon gut. Whats the difference between ___ and ___?Was ist der Unterschied zwischen ___ und ___?